Comparative evaluation of serum and gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin 21 in periodontally diseased and healthy patients

Shabnam Gulfishan; Suhail Ahmed Syed; Krishnanjeya Reddy Pathakota; Preethi Krishnan; Aravinda B Reddy; Ibrahim Fazal

doi:10.33393/jcb.2024.3149

Authors

Shabnam Gulfishan Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana - India
Suhail Ahmed Syed Redesign Clinics, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana - India
Krishnanjeya Reddy Pathakota Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana - India
Preethi Krishnan Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana - India
Aravinda B Reddy Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana - India
Ibrahim Fazal Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Brny Medical Complex, Al-Rashidiyah, Al-Ahsa - Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33393/jcb.2024.3149

Keywords:

Blood samples, Cytokines, Gingival crevicular fluid, Interleukin 21, Periodontal diseases, Periodontitis

Abstract

Background: Periodontitis is an inflammatory reaction to subgingival pathogenic microorganisms that causes gradual deterioration of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. Interleukin (IL)-21 is the most recently found member of type I cytokine family that is upregulated during inflammation. The current study aims to investigate the biological plausibility of IL-21 as a biomarker for chronic periodontitis.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional clinico-biochemical investigation included 15 systemically healthy, 15 periodontally healthy, 15 chronic gingivitis, and 15 chronic periodontitis subjects aged 25 to 60 years. Following subject enrollment, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and blood samples were then taken from each subject. The concentration of IL-21 in all samples was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The data was examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Spearman correlation test.

Results: Serum IL-21 levels in chronic periodontitis patients were substantially greater than in periodontally healthy individuals. GCF IL-21 levels were substantially greater in gingivitis and chronic periodontitis patients compared to periodontally healthy individuals. In terms of clinical indicators, serum IL-21 levels correlated significantly with bleeding index (BI) in the chronic periodontitis group. In chronic periodontitis group, disease severity as evaluated by probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) did not correlate with serum or GCF IL-21 levels.

Conclusion: According to the current study’s findings, periodontally involved patients had higher IL-21 levels than periodontally healthy patients, suggesting it can be used as biomarker. Further studies with larger sample size can shed more light on the clinical advantage of IL-21 as a possible marker for disease activity and progression.

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